Cardiometabolic disease (CMD) is a clinical syndrome driven by genetic factors (heredity), environmental influences, and behavioral components, together with key metabolic abnormalities such as obesity, hyperglycaemia, and features of the metabolic syndrome. CMD encompasses conditions including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, coronary heart disease, stroke, and other related disorders. Its incidence rises progressively with age and represents a leading cause of mortality and global disease burden. Poor dietary habits, physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption are major contributors to the increasing prevalence of CMD. Despite its impact, the pathogenesis, risk stratification, and optimal treatment strategies for CMD remain incompletely understood. Among emerging therapeutic approaches, improving cardiac metabolism and energy supply is […]
